Imbali ekhawulezileyo: Ifanitshala yeKane

Inkangeleko yaseBritane yamaKoloniyali ihlala inomdla ngakumbi ngeli xesha lasehlotyeni laseNew York City, xa iindawo ezi-creamy ezingathathi hlangothi zibonelela ngendawo epholileyo evela kwikhonkrithi. Ifanitshala enkonkxiweyo ingumbala wekoloniyali. Ikhaphukhaphu kwaye inomoya, kubonakala ngathi kusekhaya lesundu okanye kwiveranda (umfanekiso 1). Kodwa ngelixa uswazi lwaludume ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha lokuphakama kobukhosi base-Bhritane, yenye yezona ndlela zakudala zokwenziwa kwefanitshala, ezazisetyenziswa ngamagorha aseTibet, amakhosazana asePeru, kunye neeharahara zase-Egypt, amawaka eminyaka.

I-Cane ligama lezinto ezivela kulusu lwangaphandle lwesitatshi se-rattan. URattan sisityalo esinyukayo esifana nomdiliya kusapho lwesundu. Umdabu waseAsia naseAfrika, ufumaneka kakhulu eIndonesia. I-Rattan ikhula kwizikhondo ezomeleleyo, eziqinileyo ezimalunga ne-2-5 cm ububanzi ezinokuthi zikhulise amakhulu eenyawo xa inyuka isiya elangeni kumahlathi ashinyeneyo. Iyavunwa ngaphandle kokwenzakalisa imithi, kwaye kungoku nje kukho iinzame eziqhubekayo zokuqinisekisa uzinzo lokuvunwa kweerattan. Nje ukuba i-rattan ivunwe, ameva kunye namalungu ayo ayasuswa kwaye ixolo layo lahlulwe kumbindi walo. Amaxolo alo ayenziwa ibe yimicu emincinci, elukiweyo ukwenza ifanitshala enamathanga nezinye izinto (umfanekiso 3). Kuba uswazi lulusu lwesityalo seRattan, luhlala ixesha elide, lubhetyebhetye, lubengezela kwaye alunambobo.

Kuya kuba nzima, kuba loo nto ibizwa ngokuba inja , Inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukunkonkxa , kunye nemveliso ifanitshala enkonkxiweyo . Oku kufuneka kwahlulwe ifanitshala yomhlanga , eyiyo nayiphi na ifanitshala eyenziwe ngerattan (siza kujonga iiratt kunye nefenitshala yomsonto kwikholamu yeRetrospect yeveki ezayo).

Imicu yomqolo ibisetyenziswa ekwalukeni izinto ukusukela kumaxesha akudala, ivela kwizinto zebhasikithi kwaye iguquka ibe yifenitshala. Umandlalo owalukiwe wangcwatyelwa engcwabeni likaTutankhamun ngonyaka we-1323 BC, kwaye ibhokisi yomngcwabo ephethe inkosazana yaseMoche yangcwatyelwa ePeru malunga ne-AD 750. Iinduku zazisetyenziswa kulo lonke elaseAsia naseAfrika kwimbali yonke, zalukwa kwizinto ezifana namakhaka eTibetan ukusuka ngomhla we-14 Iinkulungwane ze-16 AD (umfanekiso 2).

Ifenitshala enkonkxiweyo yaqala ukubonakala eHolland, eNgilani naseFrance malunga neminyaka ye-1660s, ngenxa yorhwebo oluphithizelayo neAsia. Ukunkonkxa bekusetyenziselwa izihlalo kunye nemiqolo yezitulo ezenziwe ngomthi (imifanekiso 4 & 5). Ngokomthombo omnye weediliya, izitulo ezinamathanga zazithandwa ngenxa yoKuhlala kwazo, ukuKhanya, kunye nokucoceka okuvela kuDust, iWorms kunye neMoths, isikhumbuzo sendlela izinto zangaphakathi ngelo xesha ezazirhawuzelela ngayo iintsholongwane. Izitulo ezinamathanga zazingahlambulukanga kwaye zinomoya nje kuphela, kodwa zazinobunzima obulula kunokhuni oluqinileyo, kwaye zazingekho semthethweni kangangezihlalo eziqhelekileyo ezaziphakanyiswe kakhulu ngesilika okanye ngeteyinti. Abavelisi beenqanawa basekhaya bakhula eYurophu, kwaye isitayile sahlala sithandwa ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1780, uMarie-Antoinette wayemenza yonke imihla indlu yangasese (Ukulungisa iinwele kunye nokwenza isicelo) ePetit Trianon ngelixa uhleli kwisitulo esinamakhonkco esenziwe kancinci nguGeorges Jacob (umfanekiso 6).

Kwinkulungwane ye-19, ifanitshala enkonkxiweyo yanxulunyaniswa ikakhulu nefenitshala yamaDatshi neyesiNgesi, kuba la mazwe ayenamakholoni kwiindawo ezinje ngeIndonesia kunye neIndiya apho iirattan yayifikeleleka ngokulula nalapho obu buchule bunokuba nembali ende (umfanekiso 7). Oluhleko lobukoloniyali lusasazekile kwihlabathi lonke ukuya kwezinye iikholoni zaseYurophu; ifanitshala enamathambo inengqiqo kwiitropiki zetropiki kuba, ngokungafaniyo nemithi eqinileyo, ngekhe idibane okanye iqhekeke kubushushu okanye ukufuma.

I-Caning yaba sisihlalo esiqhelekileyo sesitulo se-cafe embindini wenkulungwane ye-19 enkosi kuThonet, osisihlalo sakhe esingu-14 ukusuka ngo-1859 wayiguqula imboni yefanitshala (umfanekiso 8). Isihlalo esilula senziwe ngetoti sinegalelo ekukhanyeni okungaqhelekanga kwesihlalo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kwakungabizi mali ininzi ukuvelisa nokuhambisa. Abaqulunqi benkulungwane yamashumi amabini abanjengoAdolf Loos noLe Corbusier nabo bayasithanda isihlalo sengqondo yempilo, nendlela esahluke ngayo kwinto yakudala enzima eyayikwisimbo sokugqibela ngenkulungwane. Kwizinto zangaphakathi zasekhaya zeli xesha, uLe Corbusier wayedume wathi, Umatshini esihlala kuwo ngumqeqeshi wakudala ozele sisifo sephepha. Izitulo ze-Thonet ezinamathanga azibeke ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, zazinjengezihlalo ezinamathanga zenkulungwane ye-17, enye indlela esempilweni neyangoku.

Ngaphandle koku kuvunywa kwe-Modernist, ngekhulu lama-20 ifanitshala yethini yenzelwe ukulingisa iindlela zekoloniyali (umfanekiso 9) okanye izitayile zenkulungwane ye-18 (umfanekiso 10).

Kwiveki ezayo, siza kuphonononga ezinye iintlobo zefanitshala ye-rattan, kwaye sixoxe ngomahluko phakathi kwe-rattan kunye ne-wicker.

Imifanekiso : 1 Indawo yokuhlala, iMauritius, nge eyoyikubey ; 2 Ikhaka leTibetan (i-14-16 c.) Ukusuka kwi IMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa ; 3 Idayagonal yokuluka umzobo ngokudlula Uzuko lwangaphambili ; 4 Usihlalo wenqanawa waseDatshi (1680) ukusuka Imyuziyam kaGetty ; 5 Isingqengqelo sendoda yesiNgesi (1690-1710) ukusuka IMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa ; 6 Inkonkxa kaMarie-Antoinette indlu yangasese Usihlalo nguGeorges Jacob (1787), ukusuka Ifoto: Getty ; 7 Usihlalo ka-Anglo Raj ukusukela emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, nge Iibhedi zokuqala ; 8 Sihlalo sobukhosi, ngokudlula Trifora ; 9 Iwisteria ; 10 Horchow .

Iposi lapapashwa kwasekuqaleni 6.28.12-JL

U-Anna Hoffman

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